Toefl Structure
Posted April 14, 2012
on:Skill 1 (Subject and Verb)
- Subject atau Verbnya tidak ada.
- Subject dan Verbnya tidak ada, atau
- Extra Subject and Extra Verb.
Contoh 1:
………………..was ringing continuously for hours.
(A) Loudly
(B) In the morning
(C) The phone
(D) The bells
Analisa:
- Kalimat di atas memiliki Verb yaitu was ringing, tapi tidak memiliki Subject.
- Dari pilihan jawaban; (A) Loudly dan (B) In the morning salah karena keduanya adalah adverb. Jawaban (D) The bells juga salah karena bells adalah plural dan tidak sesuai dengan was ringing yang berbentuk singular verb. Jawaban terbaik adalah (C) The phone karena phone singular verb dan sesuai dengan singular verb was ringing.
Newspapers _______ every morning and every evening.
(A) delivery
(B) are delivered
(C) on time
(D) regularly
Analisa:
- Kalimat diatas memiliki Subject yaitu Newspapers, tapi tidak memiliki Verb.
- Jawaban (A) delivery, (C) on time dan (D) regularly adalah salah karena mereka bukan subject. Jawaban (B) are delivered benar karena mereka adalah verb.
Skill 2 (Object of Preposition)
Contoh:
To Mike ____ was a big surprise.
(A) really
(B) the party
(C) funny
(D) when
Analisa:
- Dari kalimat diatas, harus dipahami bahwa Mike (noun) bukalah Subject tapi object of preposition dari To.
- Subject dari kalimat diatas tidak ada, sedangkan Verbnya adalah was.
- Karena yang dibutuhkan adalah Subject, maka jawaban terbaik adalah (B), the party. Sedangkan (A), (C), dan (D) salah karena mereka bukanlah Subject.
Exercise 2:
1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack. (C)
Analisa:
- The Crib bukanlah subjedct, tapi hanyalah Object of Preposition dari in.
- Sedangkan Subjectnya adalah name dan Vernya adalah is.
2. By the next meeting of the class need to turn in the papers.( I)
Analisa:
- the class bukanlah Subject, tapi hanya object of preposition dari of.
- Kalimat diatas tidak memiliki Subject, tapi memiliki verb yaitu need to turn.
- Kalimat yang benar seharusnya By the next meeting of the class they need to turn in the paper.
Skill 3 (Present Participles)
Present Participle adalah Verb + ing.
Contohnya: studying, driving, cooking
Analisa:
- arriving adalah part of a verb karena ditemani oleh is (to be).
- talking adalah part of a verb karena ditemani oleh are (to be)
2. Sebagai adjective (Kata Sifat)
- arriving is adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh be. Sedangkan, Subject kalimat diatas adalah train dan verbnya adalah is.
- talking adalah adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh be. Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah students dan verbnya adalah look.
The film ____ appearing at the local theater is my favorite.
(A) now
(B) is
(C) it
(D) was
Analisa:
- appearing bukanlah part of a verb tapi adjective.
- Subject nya adalah film dan verbnya adalah is.
- Jawaban (B), (C) atau (D) salah karena kalimat diatas sudah memiliki verb.
- Jawaban terbaik adalah (A) now.
Look at the following sentences and Check if they are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
- Kalimat diatas sudah benar karena crying berfungsi sebagai adjective.
- Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah baby, sedangkan verb nya adalah needs to be picked up
- kalimat diatas salah karena are lying seharusnya lying dan berfungsi sebagai adjective bukan bagian dari kata kerja (part of a verb)..
- Sedangkan kalimat yang benar adalah The clothes lying the floor should go into the washing machine.
- Kalimat diatas salah karena bringing seharusnya is bringing dan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb bukan adjective.
- Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah The waitress is bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners.
- Kalimat diatas benar karena striking berfungsi sebagai adjective dan walking sebagai part of a verb.
- Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah workers.
- Kalimat diatas sudah benar karena getting berfungsi sebagai part of a verb dan setelah ditambahkan is (tobe) menjadi complete verb.
- Sedangkan Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah the child.
Skill 4 (Past Participles)
Past participle adalah Verb III dari kata kerja.
- The mailman has left a letter in the mailbox. (Left is part of a verb)
- The classes were taught by Professor Smith. (Taught is part of a verb)
- Pada kalimat pertama, left adalah bagian dari kata kerja karena ditemani oleh has.
- Pada kalimat kedua, taught adalah bagian kari kata kerja karena ditemani oleh be (were)
- The letter left in the mailbox was for me. (Left is ADJECTIVE)
- The classes taught by Professor Smith were very interesting. (Taught is ADJECTIVE)
- left adalah adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh has/have or to be. Sedangkan Subject dari kalimat pertama adalah The letter dan Verb nya adalah was.
- taught adalah adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh has/have atau to be. Sedangkan Subject dan verb dari kalimat kedua adalah The classes dan were.
Contoh dibawah ini menunjukan bagaimana past participle bisa membingungkan.
- baked bukanlan part of a verb, tapi adjective. Verb dari kalimat diatas adalah smelled dan Subject nya adalah The bread.
- Jawaban (A) dan (B) salah karena baked adjective dan tidak membutuhkan helping verb.
- Jawaban (C) salah karena kalimat diatas sudah memiliki Subject.
- Jawaban terbaik adalah just.
- is served harusnya served saja karena berfungsi sebagai adjective.
- Sedangkan Subject nya adalah The food dan Verb nya adalah IS.
- Kalimat yang benar adalah The food served in this restaurant is delicious.
- Subject is The place and Verb is landed
- Deserted adalah adjective
Analisa:
- unexpected adalah adjective.
- Subject nya adalah guests dan Verb nya arrived.
- are listed seharusnya hanya listed dan berfungsi sebagai adjective bukan part of a verb.
- Subject nya adalah courses dan verbnya are required.
- lost adalah adjective.
- Subject nya adalah teacher sedangkan verbnya adalah found.
Skill 5 (Coordinate Connector)
Yang dimaksud dengan Coordinate Connector adalah AND, BUT, OR, or SO
Contoh:
- The sun was shining and the sky was blue.
- The sky was blue, but it was very cold.
- It may rain tonight, or it may be clear.
- It was raining outside, so I took my umbrella.
Analisa:
- Keempat kalimat diatas terdiri dari dua klausa dan semuanya di hubungkan dengan sebuah Coordinate Coonector dan sebuah Comma.
I forgot my coat, ____ I got very cold.
(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) as a result
Analisa:
- Kalimat diatas memiliki dua buah klausa: I forgot my coat dan I got very cold. Untuk menghubungkannya, kita harus menggunakan sebuah Coonector. Kata Then (A), later (C), dan as a result (D) bukanlah Connector. Jadi jawaban terbaik adalah (B) karena so bisa menghubungkan kedua klausa tersebut dengan benar.
EXERCISE 5:
Exercise 5 dibawah ini fokus pada permasalahan Coordinate Connector. Baca kalimatnya dan tentukan apakah jawabannya Correct (C) atau Incorrect (C).
- Kedua Klausa diatas sudah benar, begitu juga dengan Coordinate Connectornya.
- Klausa kedua tidak memiliki verb (is) dan Connector.
- Kalimat yang benar adalah The book was not long, but it is difficult to read.
- Klausa/kalimat kedua tidak memiliki Subject. Tapi sudah memiliki connector, so.
- Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah It was raining, so I decided not to go camping.
- Kedua kalimat/klausa sudah benar begitu juga dengan connectornya
- Kedua kalimat/klausa diatas sudah benar, tapi belum ada connectornya.
- Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah The patient took all the medicine, but he did not feel much better.
source:
http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-questions-skill-1-subject-and.html
http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-question-skill-2-object-of.html
http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-question-skill-3-present.html
http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-question-skill-4-past.html
http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/09/structure-skill-coordinate-connector.html
Viewer
Posted January 5, 2012
on:Epson PowerLite Home Cinema 5010
LCD 3D 1080p Projector
The Epson PowerLite Home Cinema 5010 is Epson’s brand new 3D 1080p projector for home theater. Like the Home Cinema 8700 UB, the 5010 has impressive contrast and very high maximum lumen output. This allows the projector to fill large screens in dark rooms or effectively combat ambient light in living rooms and other shared spaces.
Where the Home Cinema 3010 was a bit of a departure for Epson, the 5010 is a return to form. The projector’s 2.1:1 zoom lens and extensive H/V lens shift give it some of the best placement flexibility in its price class, while Frame Interpolation and Super Resolution both add subtle enhancements to an already great image. With street prices hovering around $2700, the Home Cinema 5010 is a strong contender in this year’s home theater line-up.
source: http://www.projectorcentral.com/epson_home_cinema_5010_3d_projector_review.htm
opinion:
its a good viewer / projector that will satisfy you when you use it.but its a bit expensive
Leadership
Posted January 5, 2012
on:leadership
leadership development methods and tips
Explaining and understanding the nature of good leadership is probably easier than practising it. Good leadership requires deep human qualities, beyond conventional notions of authority.
In the modern age good leaders are an enabling force, helping people and organizations to perform and develop, which implies that a sophisticated alignment be achieved – of people’s needs, and the aims of the organization.
The traditional concept of a leader being the directing chief at the top of a hierachy is nowadays a very incomplete appreciation of what true leadership must be.
Effective leadership does not necessarily require great technical or intellectual capacity. These attributes might help, but they are not pivotal.
Good leadership in the modern age more importantly requires attitudes and behaviours which characterise and relate to humanity.
The concept of serving is fundamental to the leadership role. Good leadership involves serving the organization or group and the people within it. Ineffective leaders tend to invert this principle and consider merely that the leader must be served by the people. This faulty idea fosters the notion that leadership as an opportunity to take: to acquire personal status, advantage, gain, etc., at the expense of others, which is grossly wrong. Leadership is instead an opportunity to give; to serve the organization, and crucially the people too. The modern notions of ‘servant leader’ and ‘servant leadership’ are attributed to Robert K Greenleaf (in his 1970 essay The Servant as Leader) however the philosophy and concept of leadership being a serving function rather than one that is served, is very old indeed and found in ancient civilisations and religious writings.
Leadership is centrally concerned with people. Of course leadership involves decisions and actions relating to all sorts of other things, but leadership is special compared to any other role because of its unique responsibilty for people – i.e., the followers of the leader – in whatever context leadership is seen to operate.
Many capabilities in life are a matter of acquiring skills and knowledge and then applying them in a reliable way. Leadership is quite different. Good leadership demands emotional strengths and behavioural characteristics which can draw deeply on a leader’s mental and spiritual reserves.
The leadership role is an inevitable reflection of people’s needs and challenges in modern life. Leadership is therefore a profound concept, with increasingly complex implications, driven by an increasingly complex and fast-changing world.
Leadership and management are commonly seen as the same thing, which they are not. Leadership is also misunderstood to mean directing and instructing people and making important decisions on behalf of an organization. Effective leadership is much more than these.
Good leaders are followed chiefly because people trust and respect them, rather than the skills they possess. Leadership is about behaviour first, skills second.
This is a simple way to see how leadership is different to management:
- Management is mostly about processes.
- Leadership is mostly about behaviour.
We could extend this to say:
- Management relies heavily on tangible measurable capabilities such as effective planning; the use of organizational systems; and the use of appropriate communications methods.
- Leadership involves many management skills, but generally as a secondary or background function of true leadership. Leadership instead relies most strongly on less tangible and less measurable things like trust, inspiration, attitude, decision-making, and personal character. These are not processes or skills or even necessarily the result of experience. They are facets of humanity, and are enabled mainly by the leader’s character and especially his/her emotional reserves.
Another way to see leadership compared with management, is that leadership does not crucially depend on the type of management methods and processes a leaders uses; leadership instead primarily depends on the ways in which the leader uses management methods and processes.
Good leadership depends on attitudinal qualities, not management processes.
Humanity is a way to describe these qualities, because this reflects the leader’s vital relationship with people.
Qualities critical for a leader’s relationship with his/her people are quite different to conventional skills and processes
source: http://www.businessballs.com/leadership.htm
Opinion:
everything in that article is so true.it tell you how to build or find a good leadership and also tell you about the difference between leadership and management
Komodo National Park finished in the top seven finalists in the New7Wonders campaign, according to a interim tally on the New7Wonders Foundation’s website.
Official voting closed on Friday at around 11 a.m. GMT.
The other interim winners include the Amazon Rainforest in South America, Halong Bay in Vietnam, Iguazu Falls on the border of Brazilian state of Parana and Argentine province of Misiones, Jeju Island in Korea, Puerto Princesa Underground River in the Philippines and Table Mountain in South Africa.
The foundation said that SMS votes submitted in each country were still being tallied and that the results could still change during the verification process.
The foundation announced the seven winners alphabetically, pending a final ranking based on their scores.
The winners will be officially announced at a ceremony in early 2012.
Source: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/11/12/komodo-among-new7wonders-top-seven-finalists.html
opinion:
Komodo National Park in Pulau Komodo, Indonesia, is undeniably be the only place on earth where Komodo Dragon lives for hundreds of years. Like many other world wonders in the world, such particular place would be well-known by it famous state achieved, which mean, there’s no other places having a same condition to such, or, no comparison, in short.
The voting process conducted by New7Wonders Foundation did not having ultimate fairness for it is not widely known by public all over the world. Though the foundation claimed that they’re having the office in Switzerland, once mentioned in a news that the foundation have an unclear validity status. Therefore, the Government of Indonesia through it’s embassy in Switzerland has conducted an investigation on a validity status of New7Wonders Foundation. The investigation resulted with consideration that New7Wonders Foundation was established in Panama, having office in Switzerland, and the lawyers are in England. However, the investigation also found out that the public or citizen of Switzerland does not recognize the existence of New7Wonders Foundation.
Previously, some of the places included in the well-publicly-known “The Wonders of the World” were compiled by UNESCO; one organization under the United Nations dedicated to peace, safety and conservation, whereas, others were compiled by the media and public opinion. All these places of wonders including the ancient, modern, as well as natural wonders of the world, it is all be worthy to be visited.
opinion
Posted November 18, 2011
on:comment
Posted November 18, 2011
on:
comment:
i think they as representatives of people they shouldn’t acted like that. they shouldn’t sleep when in meeting or in the office.they should do their duties as representatives nicely & responsible.if they aren’t then how people will believe them anymore? because what they do will affect other people
If Clause – Wish
Posted November 18, 2011
on:Type I
Form | Type I.
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Function | open condition:Probable action/result in the future according to a real condition You’ll catch the train if you leave before ten. |
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Curriculum | Lehrplan:
Lehrbuch:
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Difficulties | 1. form:
2. function
3. interlingual interferences
4. other difficulties
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Situations |
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Type II
Form |
If-clauses in front position are more emphatic. |
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Function | Hypothetical statements
We’d have enough money for a new car if you found a good job.
We’d buy a Rolls Royce if we were rich. |
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Curriculum | Lehrplan:
Lehrbuch:
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Difficulties | 1. form:
2. function
3. interlingual interferences
4. other difficulties
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Situations |
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Type III
Form |
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Function | If- clause: unreal condition: the condition can’t be fulfilled any longer, because it should have happened in the past, but didn’t. main clause: the consequence can’t take place any more, because the condition couldn’t be fulfilled.If I had learnt more (but I didn’t learn=unreal condition), I would have got a better mark. (So I didn’t get a better mark= impossible consequence) or the other way round: I would have got a better mark (So I didn’t get a better mark= impossible consequence)if I had learnt more (but I didn’t learn=unreal condition) |
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Curriculum | Lehrplan: form 9 + 10 (repetition)Lehrbuch: Type I and II in form 7 and 8 if vs. when |
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Difficulties | 1. interlingual interferences No conditional tense in if-clauses if vs. when unless 2. other difficulties position of the if-clause |
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Situations |
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Wish Sentences
The verb wish expresses a desire for a situation that does not exist right now in the present. A wish is a desire to change a real situation into an unreal one. The unreal situation is expressed in the simple past. For example:
I wish I lived in a house. I live in an apartment.
Wish sentences often express regret about a situation that you would like to change e.g.
A:Can you help me? B: No, I’m sorry. I wish I could, but I have an appointment.
In order to express future actions that you want to happen , you use would e.g.
I wish the bus would come. I’m cold.
I wish you’d have a car to take me to the beach.
I wish I were thin.
I wish I hadn’t said that. (If fact, I said it)
Source: http://www.kfmaas.de/gram_if.html
http://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_15/a101c15_201000.html
Conditional Sentences
Posted November 18, 2011
on:There are several structures in English that are called conditionals.
“Condition” means “situation or circumstance”. If a particular condition is true, then a particular result happens.
- If y = 10 then 2y = 20
- If y = 3 then 2y = 6
There are three basic conditionals that we use very often. There are some more conditionals that we do not use so often.
Zero Conditional: certainty
We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact.
Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What happens? The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be surprised if it did not.
IF | condition | result |
present simple | present simple | |
If | you heat ice | it melts. |
Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for this condition. The result of the condition is an absolute certainty. We are not thinking about the future or the past, or even the present. We are thinking about a simple fact. We use the present simple tense to talk about the condition. We also use the present simple tense to talk about the result. The important thing about the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same result.
First Conditional: real possibility
We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, it is morning. You are at home. You plan to play tennis this afternoon. But there are some clouds in the sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do?
IF | condition | result |
present simple | WILL + base verb | |
If | it rains | I will stay at home. |
Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. It is not raining yet. But the sky is cloudy and you think that it could rain. We use the present simple tense to talk about the possible future condition. We use WILL + base verb to talk about the possible future result. The important thing about the first conditional is that there is a real possibility that the condition will happen.
Second Conditional: unreal possibility or dream
The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, you do not have a lottery ticket. Is it possible to win? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery ticket in the future. So you can think about winning in the future, like a dream. It’s not very real, but it’s still possible.
IF | condition | result |
past simple | WOULD + base verb | |
If | I won the lottery | I would buy a car. |
Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the past simple tense to talk about the future condition. We use WOULD + base verb to talk about the future result. The important thing about the second conditional is that there is an unreal possibility that the condition will happen.
Third Conditional: no possibility
The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.
Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win. 😦
condition | result | |
Past Perfect | WOULD HAVE + Past Participle | |
If | I had won the lottery | I would have bought a car. |
Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition. You did not win the lottery. So the condition was not true, and that particular condition can never be true because it is finished. We use the past perfect tense to talk about the impossible past condition. We use WOULD HAVE + past participle to talk about the impossible past result. The important thing about the third conditional is that both the condition and result are impossible now.
exemples
Zero Conditional:
IF | condition | result |
present simple | present simple | |
If | I miss the 8 o’clock bus | I am late for work. |
If | I am late for work | my boss gets angry. |
If | people don’t eat | they get hungry. |
If | you heat ice | does it melt? |
First Conditional:
IF | condition | result |
present simple | WILL + base verb | |
If | I see Mary | I will tell her. |
If | Tara is free tomorrow | he will invite her. |
If | they do not pass their exam | their teacher will be sad. |
If | it rains tomorrow | will you stay at home? |
If | it rains tomorrow | what will you do? |
Second Conditional:
IF | condition | result |
past simple | WOULD + base verb | |
If | I married Mary | I would be happy. |
If | Ram became rich | she would marry him. |
If | it snowed next July | would you be surprised? |
If | it snowed next July | what would you do? |
Third Conditional:
IF | condition | result |
past perfect | WOULD HAVE + past participle | |
If | I had seen Mary | I would have told her. |
If | Tara had been free yesterday | I would have invited her. |
If | they had not passed their exam | their teacher would have been sad. |
If | it had rained yesterday | would you have stayed at home? |
If | it had rained yesterday | what would you have done? |
Source: http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-conditional.htm
Passive voice Question
1. Were you shown the sights?
2. Is she being shown the sights?
3. were they being prepared?
4. has it been adjourned?
5. Are you required to attend the meeting?
6. Is she being ignored?
7. Should they be notified?
8. might he have been allowed to come?
9. had you been told about it?
10. will they be needed?
Passsive Voice Negative
1. You were not shown the sights.
2. She is not being shown the sights.
3. He will be asked to participate.
4. They would not have been instructed to join us.
5. It was not sent on time.
6. We could not have been seen from the island
7. It is not being dealt with satisfactorily.
8. They were not being kept under observation.
9. You will not be held responsible.
10. They were not expected at six o’clock.
source: http://englishdailyworkout.blogspot.com/2010/12/passive-voice-questions-negative.html
Intransitive verb
Posted November 18, 2011
on:An intransitive verbis an action verb (that is, it is neither a linking verb nor an auxiliary verb) which does not have a direct object.
The action is still being done, but it is not being done to anything or anyone else.
Most verbs can be both intransitive and transitive depending on the sentence. The verb to go, however, is always intransitive.
An intransitive verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb, expressing a doable activity like arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, die, etc. Second, unlike a transitive verb, it will not have a direct object receiving the action.
Here are some examples of intransitive verbs:
1. Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom door with only seven seconds to spare.
Arrived = intransitive verb.
2. James went to the campus cafe for a steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew.
Went = intransitive verb.
3. To escape the midday sun, the cats lie in the shade under our cars.
Lie = intransitive verb.
4. Around fresh ground pepper, Sheryl sneezes with violence.
Sneezes = intransitive verb.
5. In the evenings, Glenda sits on the front porch to admire her immaculate lawn.
Sits = intransitive verb.
6. Flipped on its back, the beetle that Clara soaked with insecticide dies under the refrigerator.
Dies = intransitive verb.
7. Men blush less for their crimes than for their weaknesses and vanity
8. My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk9. He runs around the block daily.
10. Sometimes imagination pounces; mostly it sleeps soundly in the corner, purring.
source: http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000344.htm